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Which Two Cultures Believed Their Royal Families Were Descendents of the Sun Deity

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Sky deity who represents the Sun

A solar representation on an anthropomorphic stele dated from the time period between the Copper Age and the Early on Bronze Age, discovered during an archaeological earthworks on the Rocher des Doms, Avignon.

A solar deity (also sunday goddess or sunday god) is a heaven deity who represents the Sun, or an aspect of it, usually by its perceived power and force. Solar deities and Sun worship can be found throughout about of recorded history in various forms. The Sun is sometimes referred to by its Latin name Sol or by its Greek name Helios. The English word sun stems from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ.[1]

Overview [edit]

Ra, ancient Egyptian god of the sunday and king of the gods

Predynasty Egyptian beliefs aspect Atum every bit the sun-god and Horus as god of the sky and Sun. As the Erstwhile Kingdom theocracy gained influence, early on beliefs were incorporated into the expanding popularity of Ra and the Osiris-Horus mythology. Atum became Ra-Atum, the rays of the setting Sun. Osiris became the divine heir to Atum's power on Globe and passed his divine say-so to his son, Horus.[2] Early on Egyptian myths imply the Sun is incorporated within the lioness Sekhmet at dark and is reflected in her eyes, or that it is within found the cow, Hathor, during the night and reborn each morning equally her son (balderdash).[three]

Mesopotamian Shamash played an important function during the Statuary Historic period, and "my Sun" was eventually used to address royalty. Similarly, South American cultures accept a tradition of Dominicus worship as with the Incan Inti.[four]

In Germanic mythology the solar deity is Sol, in Vedic Surya, and in Greek Helios (occasionally referred to as Titan) and (sometimes) as Apollo. In Proto-Indo-European mythology the sunday appears to be a multilayered figure manifested as a goddess just also perceived every bit the heart of the sky father Dyeus.[5]

Solar myth [edit]

Three theories exercised great influence on nineteenth and early on twentieth century mythography. These theories were the "solar mythology" of Alvin Boyd Kuhn and Max Müller, the tree worship of Mannhardt, and the totemism of J. F. McLennan.[6]

Müller'southward "solar mythology" was built-in from the written report of the Indo-European language. Of the Indo-European languages, Müller believed Archaic Sanskrit was the closest to the language spoken by the Aryans. Using the Sanskrit names for deities as a base of operations he practical Grimm'due south constabulary to names for similar deities from different Indo-European groups to compare their etymological relationships to one some other. In this comparison, Müller saw the similarities between the names and used these etymological similarities to explain the similarities between their roles as deities. Through this study Müller concluded that it is the different names for the Sun which led to the creation of multiple solar deities and their mythologies that were passed down from one group to some other.[vii]

R. F. Littledale criticized the Dominicus myth theory when he illustrated that Max Müller on his own principels was himself only a solar myth, whilst Alfred Lyall delivered another attack on the same theory's assumption that tribal gods and heroes, such as those of Homer, were only reflections of the Dominicus myth by proving that the gods of certain Rajput clans were actual warriors who founded the clans a few centuries ago, and were the ancestors of the present chieftains.[8]

Solar vessels and Sunday chariots [edit]

The Sunday was sometimes envisioned as traveling through the sky in a boat. A prominent example is the solar barque used past Ra in ancient Egyptian mythology.[9] The Neolithic concept of a "solar clomp" (likewise "solar bark", "solar barque", "solar boat" and "sun boat", a mythological representation of the Lord's day riding in a gunkhole) is found in the later myths of aboriginal Egypt, with Ra and Horus. Several Egyptian kings were buried with ships that may have been intended to symbolize the solar barque,[10] including the Khufu ship that was buried at the pes of the Bully Pyramid of Giza.[eleven]

Examples of solar vessels include:

  • Neolithic petroglyphs which are interpreted every bit depicting solar barges.
  • The many early Egyptian goddesses that were seen equally sunday deities, and the afterward gods Ra and Horus were depicted as riding in a solar barge. In Egyptian myths of the afterlife, Ra rides in an underground channel from west to east every night and so that he can ascent in the east the side by side morning.
  • The Nebra sky deejay, which is thought to evidence a depiction of a solar barge.
  • Nordic Bronze Historic period petroglyphs, including those found in Tanumshede, often contain barges and sun crosses in different constellations.

The concept of the 'solar chariot' is younger than that of the solar clomp and is typically Indo-European, corresponding with the Indo-European expansion subsequently the invention of the chariot in the 2d millennium BC. [12] The reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European organized religion features a 'solar chariot' or 'sunday chariot' with which the Sun traverses the sky.[13]

Examples of solar chariots include:

  • In Norse mythology, the chariot of the goddess Sól, drawn by Arvak and Alsvid. The Trundholm sun chariot dates to the Nordic Bronze Historic period, more than two,500 years earlier than the Norse myth, only is often associated with it.
  • Greek Helios (or Apollo) riding in a chariot,[14] (see likewise Phaëton)[fifteen]
  • Sol Invictus depicted riding a quadriga on the contrary of a Roman coin.[16]
  • Vedic Surya riding in a chariot fatigued by seven horses.

In Chinese civilisation, the sun chariot is associated with the passage of fourth dimension. For example, in the poem Suffering from the Shortness of Days, Li He of the Tang dynasty is hostile towards the legendary dragons that drew the lord's day chariot every bit a vehicle for the continuous progress of time.[17] The following is an extract from the poem:[17]

I volition cut off the dragon'south feet, chew the dragon'south mankind,
and so that they tin can't turn back in the forenoon or lie down at night.
Left to themselves the old won't die; the young won't cry.

The Sun was also compared to a bike, for case, in Greek hēlíou kúklos , Sanskrit suryasya cakram , and Anglo-Saxon sunnan hweogul , all theorized to be reflexes of PIE *swelyosyo kukwelos .[ commendation needed ] Scholarship besides points to a possible reflex in poetic expressions in Ukrainian folk songs.[a]

Gender [edit]

Solar deities are frequently idea of every bit male (and lunar deities as being female person) simply the opposite has more ofttimes been the case.[nineteen] In Germanic mythology the Sun is female, and the Moon is male person. Other cultures that have dominicus goddesses include the Lithuanians (Saulė) and Latvians (Saule), the Finns (Päivätär, Beiwe) and the related Hungarians. Sun goddesses are found around the world in Australia (Bila, Wala); in Indian tribal religions (Bisal-Mariamma, Bomong, 'Ka Sgni) and Sri Lanka (Pattini); among the Hittites (Wurusemu), Egyptians (Hathor, Sekhmet), and Canaanites (Shapash); in the Canary Islands (Chaxiraxi, Magec); in Native America, amidst the Cherokee (Unelanuhi), Natchez (Oüa Chill/Uwahci∙ł), Inuit (Malina), and Miwok (He'-koo-lās); and in Asia among the Japanese (Amaterasu).[xix]

The warrior goddess Sekhmet, shown with her sun disk and cobra crown.

The cobra (of Pharaoh, son of Ra), the lioness (daughter of Ra), and the cow (girl of Ra), are the dominant symbols of the virtually ancient Egyptian deities. They were female and carried their relationship to the sun atop their heads, and their cults remained active throughout the history of the culture. Later a dominicus god (Aten) was established in the eighteenth dynasty on top of the other solar deities, before the "aberration" was stamped out and the old pantheon re-established. When male deities became associated with the sun in that civilization, they began equally the offspring of a female parent (except Ra, King of the Gods who gave birth to himself).[ commendation needed ]

World religions [edit]

Solar deities are revered in some of the major world religions.

Buddhism [edit]

In Buddhist cosmology, the bodhisattva of the Sun is known every bit Sūryaprabha ("having the light of the sun"); in Chinese he is chosen Rigong Riguang Pusa (The Bright Solar Bodhisattva of the Solar Palace), Rigong Riguang Tianzi (The Bright Solar Prince of the Solar Palace), or Rigong Riguang Zuntian Pusa (The Greatly Revered Bright Solar Prince of the Solar Palace), one of the xx or 24 guardian devas.

Sūryaprabha is often depicted with Candraprabha ("having the calorie-free of the moon"), called in Chinese Yuegong Yueguang Pusa (The Brilliant Lunar Bodhisattva of the Lunar Palace), Yuegong Yueguang Tianzi ( The Vivid Lunar Prince of the Lunar Palace), or Yuegong Yueguang Zuntian Pusa (The Profoundly Revered Brilliant Lunar Prince of the Lunar Palace). Together with Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha (Chinese: Yaoshi Fo) these two bodhisattvas plant the Dongfang San Sheng (Three Holy Sages of the Eastern Quarter).

The devas Surya and Candra are also recognized as deities that embody the Sun and Moon, respectively.

Christianity [edit]

Church Fathers [edit]

The comparison of Christ with the astronomical Sun is common in ancient Christian writings.[20] Past "the dominicus of righteousness" in Malachi 4 (Malachi 4:two) "the fathers, from Justin downward, and nearly all the earlier commentators empathize Christ, who is supposed to be described equally the rising sun".[21] The New Testament itself contains a hymn fragment in Ephesians 5: "Awake, O sleeper, and ascend from the expressionless, and Christ will shine on y'all."[22] Clement of Alexandria wrote of "the Lord's day of the Resurrection, he who was built-in before the dawn, whose beams give calorie-free".[23]

Purported Christianization of Sol Invictus [edit]

The halo of Jesus, seen in many paintings, has similarities to a parhelion.

Christianization of Natalis Invicti [edit]

According to one hypothesis about Christmas, it was set to 25 December considering it was the date of the festival of Sol Invictus. This thought became popular especially in the 18th[24] [25] and 19th centuries.[26] [27] [28]

The Philocalian calendar of AD 354 gives a festival of Natalis Invicti on 25 Dec. In that location is limited evidence that this festival was historic at around this fourth dimension before the mid-4th century.[29] [thirty]

The idea that Christians chose to celebrate the nascence of Jesus on 25 Dec because this was the date of an already existing festival of the Sol Invictus was expressed in an annotation to a manuscript of a work by twelfth-century Syrian bishop Jacob Bar-Salibi. The scribe who added it wrote: "Information technology was a custom of the Pagans to celebrate on the same 25 December the birthday of the Sun, at which they kindled lights in token of festivity. In these solemnities and revelries the Christians also took part. Accordingly when the doctors of the Church building perceived that the Christians had a leaning to this festival, they took counsel and resolved that the true Nativity should be solemnized on that mean solar day."[31] [32] [33] [34]

Calculation hypothesis [edit]

In the judgment of the Church of England Liturgical Commission, this view has been seriously challenged[35] by a view based on an old tradition, according to which the date of Christmas was fixed at nine months subsequently 25 March, the engagement of the vernal equinox, on which the Annunciation was celebrated.[36] The Jewish calendar date of 14 Nisan was believed to be that of creation,[37] as well as of the Exodus and so of Passover, and Christians held that the new creation, both the decease of Jesus and the beginning of his homo life, occurred on the same appointment, which some put at 25 March in the Julian calendar.[35] [38] [39] [40]

It was a traditional Jewish belief that great men lived a whole number of years, without fractions, and then that Jesus was considered to have been conceived on 25 March, every bit he died on 25 March, which was calculated to take coincided with xiv Nisan.[41] Sextus Julius Africanus (c.160 – c.240) gave 25 March as the solar day of creation and of the formulation of Jesus.[42] The tractate De solstitia et aequinoctia conceptionis et nativitatis Domini nostri Iesu Christi et Iohannis Baptistae falsely attributed to John Chrysostom also argued that Jesus was conceived and crucified on the aforementioned day of the year and calculated this every bit 25 March.[36] [40] A passage of the Commentary on the prophet Daniel by Hippolytus of Rome, written in nearly 204, has besides been appealed to.[43]

Amongst those who accept put frontwards this view are Louis Duchesne,[44] Thomas J. Talley,[45] David J. Rothenberg,[46] J. Neil Alexander,[47] and Hugh Wybrew.[48]

The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought also remarks on the uncertainty well-nigh the guild of precedence betwixt the celebrations of the Birthday of the Unconquered Lord's day and the birthday of Jesus: "This 'calculations' hypothesis potentially establishes 25 December as a Christian festival before Aurelian's decree, which, when promulgated, might have provided for the Christian feast both opportunity and challenge."[49] Susan Thousand. Roll calls "nigh extreme" the unproven hypothesis that "would call Christmas point-blank a 'christianization' of Natalis Solis Invicti, a direct conscious cribbing of the pre-Christian feast, arbitrarily placed on the same calendar engagement, assimilating and adapting some of its cosmic symbolism and abruptly usurping any lingering habitual loyalty that newly-converted Christians might feel to the feasts of the state gods".[l]

Winter solstice hypothesis [edit]

Among scholars who view the celebration of the birth of Jesus on 25 December as motivated by choice of the winter solstice, rather than that he was conceived and died on 25 March, some reject the idea that this pick constituted a deliberate Christianization of a festival of the Birthday of the Unconquered Lord's day. For example, Michael Alan Anderson writes:

"Both the dominicus and Christ were said to be born on December 25. But while the solar associations with the birth of Christ created powerful metaphors, the surviving evidence does not support such a direct association with the Roman solar festivals. The earliest documentary evidence for the banquet of Christmas makes no mention of the coincidence with the winter solstice. Thomas Talley has shown that, although the Emperor Aurelian's dedication of a temple to the sun god in the Campus Martius (C.E. 274) probably took place on the 'Birthday of the Invincible Sun' on December 25, the cult of the sun in heathen Rome ironically did not celebrate the winter solstice nor whatsoever of the other quarter-tense days, as ane might expect. The origins of Christmas, then, may not be expressly rooted in the Roman festival."[51]

The same point is fabricated by Hijmans:

"Information technology is catholic symbolism...which inspired the Church leadership in Rome to elect the southern solstice, Dec 25, every bit the birthday of Christ ... While they were aware that pagans called this day the 'altogether' of Sol Invictus, this did non business organization them and it did non play any role in their selection of date for Christmas."[52]

He also states that:

"while the wintertime solstice on or around December 25 was well established in the Roman royal calendar, there is no evidence that a religious commemoration of Sol on that day antedated the commemoration of Christmas".[53]

A study of Augustine of Hippo remarks that his exhortation in a Christmas sermon, "let us celebrate this mean solar day as a banquet not for the sake of this sunday, which is beheld by believers as much as by ourselves, simply for the sake of him who created the sunday", shows that he was aware of the coincidence of the commemoration of Christmas and the Birthday of the Unconquered Dominicus, although this pagan festival was celebrated at simply a few places and was originally a peculiarity of the Roman city calendar. It adds: "He also believes, however, that at that place is a reliable tradition which gives 25 December as the actual engagement of the birth of our Lord."[54]

In the 5th century, Pope Leo I (the Great) spoke in several sermons on the Feast of the Nativity of how the commemoration of Christ'southward birth coincided with the increment of the Sun'due south position in the sky. An example is: "Only this Birth which is to exist adored in heaven and on globe is suggested to usa by no twenty-four hours more than than this when, with the early light still shedding its rays on nature, in that location is borne in upon our senses the brightness of this wondrous mystery.[55]

Christian iconography [edit]

The charioteer in the mosaic of Mausoleum M has been interpreted by some as Christ by those who fence that Christians adopted the image of the Sunday (Helios or Sol Invictus) to represent Christ. In this portrayal he is a beardless figure with a flowing cloak in a chariot drawn by four white horses, every bit in the mosaic in Mausoleum M discovered nether Saint Peter's Basilica and in an early-4th-century catacomb fresco.[57] The nimbus of the figure under Saint Peter's Basilica is rayed, as in traditional pre-Christian representations.[57] Clement of Alexandria had spoken of Christ driving his chariot beyond the sky.[58] This interpretation is doubted by others: "Only the cantankerous-shaped nimbus makes the Christian significance credible".[59] and the figure is seen by some simply as a representation of the sun with no explicit religious reference whatever, infidel or Christian.[lx]

Life of Christ and astrological comparisons [edit]

Mosaic in the Beth Alpha synagogue, with the Sunday represented in the center, surrounded by the twelve zodiac constellations and with the four seasons associated inaccurately with the constellations

Another speculation connects the biblical elements of Christ's life to those of a sun god.[61] The Christian gospels report that Jesus had 12 followers (Apostles),[62] which is claimed to be akin to the twelve zodiac constellations. When the Lord's day was in the house of Scorpio, Judas plotted with the chief priests and elders to arrest Jesus by kissing him. As the Lord's day exited Libra, it enters into the waiting arms of Scorpio to exist kissed by Scorpio's bite.[63] [ unreliable source? ] [64] [ unreliable source? ]

Many of the earth's sacrificed godmen, such as Osiris and Mithra, take their traditional birthday on 25 Dec.[ citation needed ] During this fourth dimension, people believed that the "sun god" had "died" for three days and was "born again" on 25 December.[65] After 25 December, the Sun supposedly moves 1 degree north, foreshadowing longer days.[66] The iii days post-obit 21 December remain the darkest days of the twelvemonth where Jesus (the sun) dies and remains unseen for three days.[67] [ unreliable source? ] [68] [ unreliable source? ]

At the beginning of the start century, the Sun on the vernal equinox passed from Aries to Pisces (1 A.D. to 2150 A.D). That harmonizes with the mentioned lamb and fish in the gospels.[69] [70] The man carrying a pitcher of water (Luke 22:10) is Aquarius, the water bearer, who is ever seen as a man pouring out a pitcher of water. He represents the Historic period of Aquarius, the historic period after Pisces, and when the Sun leaves the Age of Pisces (Jesus), it will become into the House of Aquarius.[70] [71]

Hinduism [edit]

The Ādityas [edit]

The Ādityas are ane of the principal deities of the Vedic classical Hinduism belonging to the solar class. In the Vedas, numerous hymns are dedicated to Mitra, Varuna, Savitr, etc.

In hymn seven.99 of the Rigveda, Indra-Vishnu produces the sun, his discus, a vestige of his solar creation. The Vishnu purana identifies the discus cycle with the post-obit: 'thoughts, like the cycle, flow faster than even the mightiest wind.'

The Gayatri mantra, which is regarded as one of the nigh sacred of the Vedic hymns, is defended to Savitr, one of the principal Ādityas. The Adityas are a group of solar deities, from the Brahmana catamenia numbering twelve.

Surya [edit]

The Hindu solar deity Surya existence driven beyond the sky in his chariot

The sun god in Hinduism is an ancient and revered deity. In later Hindu usage, all the Vedic Ādityas lost identity and metamorphosed into i composite deity, Surya, the Sunday. The attributes of all other Ādityas merged into that of Surya and the names of all other Ādityas became synonymous with, or epithets of, Surya. The charioteer of Surya is Aruna, who is besides personified every bit the redness that accompanies the sunlight in dawn and sunset. The sun god is driven by a seven-horsed Chariot depicting the seven days of the week and the 7 colors of the rainbow which are seen due to the dispersion by Surya'due south rays.

The sun god is said to be married to the goddess Sanjna, also known as Ranaadeh. She is depicted in dual form, beingness both sunlight and shadow, personified. The Ramayana has Rama equally a direct descendant of the Surya, thus belonging to the Suryavansha or the association of the Sun. The Mahabharata describes one of its warrior heroes, Karna, as existence the son of the Pandeva mother Kunti and Surya.

Worship of Surya [edit]

The ritual of Surya Namaskār, performed by Hindus, is an elaborate gear up of hand gestures and body movements, designed to greet and revere the Dominicus.

In India, at Konark, in the country of Odisha, a temple is dedicated to Surya. The Konark Sun Temple has been declared a UNESCO Earth Heritage Site. Surya is the most prominent of the navagrahas or nine angelic objects of the Hindus. Navagrahas can be establish in near all Hindu temples. There are further temples dedicated to Surya, one in Arasavalli, Srikakulam District in Andhra Pradesh, one in Gujarat at Modhera and another in Rajasthan. The temple at Arasavalli was constructed in such a way that on the day of Radhasaptami, the Sun's rays direct fall on the anxiety of the Sri Suryanarayana Swami, the deity at the temple.

Chhath (Hindi: छठ, also called Dala Chhath) is an ancient Hindu festival defended to Surya, the chief solar deity, unique to Bihar, Jharkhand and the Terai. This major festival is likewise celebrated in the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Chhattisgarh. Hymns to the Dominicus can exist establish in the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism. Practiced in different parts of India, the worship of the Sun has been described in the Rigveda. In the state of Odisha, in that location is another festival called Samba Dashami which celebrates Surya.

The lord's day is prayed to by Due south Indians during the harvest festival.[72]

In Tamil Nadu, the Tamil people worship the sun god during the Tamil month of Thai, after a yr of crop farming. The month is known as the harvesting calendar month and people pay respects to the sun on the first day of the Thai calendar month known as Thai pongal, or Pongal, which is a iv-day celebration.[73] Information technology is ane of the few ethnic worship by the Tamil people irrespective of religion.[74]

In other parts of India, the festival is historic equally Makar Sankranti and is mostly worshiped by the hindu diaspora of Republic of india.[75]

Africa [edit]

Isis, bearing her solar deejay and horns nurses her babe, Horus

The Tiv people consider the Sun to be the son of the Moon Awondo's daughter and the supreme being Awondo. The Barotse tribe believes that the Lord's day is inhabited by the sky god Nyambi and the Moon is his wife. Some Sara people also worship the Sun. Even where the dominicus god is equated with the supreme being, in some African mythologies he or she does not have any special functions or privileges as compared to other deities. The ancient Egyptian god of creation, Amun is also believed to reside inside the sunday. So is the Akan creator deity, Nyame and the Dogon deity of creation, Nommo. Also in Arab republic of egypt, there was a religion that worshiped the Sun directly, and was amongst the first monotheistic religions: Atenism.[76]

Ancient Arab republic of egypt [edit]

The winged sun was an ancient (3rd millennium BC) symbol of Horus, later identified with Ra

Sun worship was prevalent in aboriginal Egyptian religion. The primeval deities associated with the Sun are all goddesses: Wadjet, Sekhmet, Hathor, Nut, Bast, Bat, and Menhit. First Hathor, and then Isis, give birth to and nurse Horus and Ra. Hathor the horned-cow is one of the 12 daughters of Ra, gifted with joy and is a wet-nurse to Horus.[77]

From at least the 4th Dynasty of ancient Egypt, the Sun was worshiped every bit the deity Re (pronounced probably as Riya, meaning simply ' the sunday '), and portrayed equally a falcon headed god surmounted past the solar disk, and surrounded by a serpent. Re supposedly gave warmth to the living torso, symbolized equally an ankh: a "☥" shaped amulet with a looped upper half. The ankh, information technology was believed, was surrendered with expiry, but could be preserved in the corpse with appropriate mummification and funerary rites. The supremacy of Re in the Egyptian pantheon was at its highest with the 5th Dynasty, when open air solar temples became common. In the Middle Kingdom of Arab republic of egypt, Ra lost some of his preeminence to Osiris, lord of the West, and estimate of the dead. In the New Empire period, the Dominicus became identified with the dung beetle, whose spherical brawl of dung was identified with the Sun. In the form of the sun disc Aten, the Sun had a brief resurgence during the Amarna Flow when information technology once more became the preeminent, if not but, divinity for the Pharaoh Akhenaton.[78] [79]

The Sun's movement across the sky represents a struggle between the Pharaoh's soul and an avatar of Osiris. Ra travels across the heaven in his solar-boat; at dawn he drives away the demon rex Apep. [80] [81]The "solarisation" of several local gods (Hnum-Re, Min-Re, Amon-Re) reaches its meridian in the period of the fifth dynasty.[ commendation needed ]

N27

Akhet (horizon)
Egyptian hieroglyphs

Rituals to the god Amun who became identified with the sunday god Ra were ofttimes carried out on the acme of temple pylons. A Pylon mirrored the hieroglyph for 'horizon' or akhet, which was a depiction of ii hills "between which the dominicus rose and set,"[82] associated with recreation and rebirth. On the first Pylon of the temple of Isis at Philae, the pharaoh is shown slaying his enemies in the presence of Isis, Horus and Hathor.[83]

In the eighteenth dynasty, the earliest-known monotheistic head of state, Akhenaten, changed the polytheistic religion of Arab republic of egypt to a monotheistic one, Atenism of the solar-disk and is the get-go recorded state monotheism. All other deities were replaced past the Aten, including Amun-Ra, the reigning sun god of Akhenaten's own region. Unlike other deities, the Aten did not have multiple forms. His simply paradigm was a deejay—a symbol of the Sun.[84]

Soon afterward Akhenaten's death, worship of the traditional deities was reestablished by the religious leaders (Ay the High-Priest of Amen-Ra, mentor of Tutankhaten/Tutankhamen) who had adopted the Aten during the reign of Akhenaten.[85]

Asia and Europe [edit]

Armenian mythology [edit]

In Armenian mythology and in the vicinity of Carahunge, the aboriginal site of interest in the field of archaeoastronomy, people worshiped a powerful deity or intelligence called Ara, embodied as the sun (Ar[86] or Arev). The aboriginal Armenians called themselves "children of the sunday".[87] (Russian and Armenian archaeoastronomers take suggested that at Carahunge seventeen of the stones however standing were associated with observations of sunrise or sunset at the solstices and equinoxes.[88])

Baltic mythology [edit]

Those who practise Dievturība, beliefs of traditional Latvian civilization, gloat the Sun goddess, Saule, known in traditional Lithuanian behavior equally Saulė. Saule is among the almost important deities in Baltic mythology and traditions.[89]

Celtic mythology [edit]

The sun in Insular Celtic culture is assumed to take been feminine,[90] [91] and several goddesses have been proposed as possibly solar in character.[92] In Continental Celtic culture, the sun gods, like Belenos, Grannos, and Lug, were masculine.[93] [94] [95]

In Irish gaelic, the proper name of the Sun, Grian, is feminine. The figure known equally Áine is generally causeless to take been either synonymous with her, or her sis, assuming the role of Summer Sun while Grian was the Wintertime Sun.[96] Similarly, Étaín has at times been considered to be another theonym associated with the Sun; if this is the example, then the pan-Celtic Epona might also take been originally solar in nature,[96] though Roman syncretism pushed her towards a lunar role.[ citation needed ]

The British Sulis has a name cognate with that of other Indo-European solar deities such every bit the Greek Helios and Indic Surya,[97] [98] and bears some solar traits like the association with the eye every bit well as epithets associated with light. The theonym Sulevia, which is more than widespread and probably unrelated to Sulis,[99] is sometimes taken to have suggested a pan-Celtic role equally a solar goddess.[90] She indeed might have been the de facto solar deity of the Celts.[ citation needed ]

The Welsh Olwen has at times been considered a vestige of the local sun goddess, in function due to the possible etymological association[100] with the wheel and the colors golden, white and ruddy.[xc]

Brighid has at times been argued as having had a solar nature, plumbing equipment her function as a goddess of fire and light.[90]

Chinese mythology [edit]

Taiyang Shen, the Chinese solar deity

Statue of the dominicus goddess Xihe charioteering the sun, being pulled by a dragon, in Hangzhou

In Chinese mythology (cosmology), at that place were originally x suns in the heaven, who were all brothers. They were supposed to emerge ane at a fourth dimension equally commanded past the Jade Emperor. They were all very young and loved to fool around. Once they decided to all get into the sky to play, all at once. This made the world too hot for annihilation to grow. A hero named Hou Yi, honored to this day, shot down nine of them with a bow and arrow to relieve the people of the Earth.[101]

In another myth, a solar eclipse was said to be caused by a magical domestic dog or dragon biting off a piece of the Sun. The referenced event is said to have occurred effectually 2136 BC; two royal astronomers, Ho and Hi, were executed for failing to predict the eclipse. There was a tradition in People's republic of china to make lots of loud celebratory sounds during a solar eclipse to scare the sacred fauna away.[102]

The Deity of the Sun in Chinese mythology is Ri Gong Tai Yang Xing Jun (Tai Yang Gong/Gramps Sun) or Star Lord of the Solar Palace, Lord of the Lord's day. In some mythologies, Tai Yang Xing Jun is believed to exist Hou Yi.[ citation needed ]

Tai Yang Xing Jun is ordinarily depicted with the Star Lord of the Lunar Palace, Lord of the Moon, Yue Gong Tai Yin Xing Jun (Tai Yin Niang Niang/Lady Tai Yin). Worship of the moon goddess Chang'due east and her festivals are very pop among followers of Chinese folk religion and Taoism. The goddess and her holy days are ingrained in Chinese pop culture.[103]

Germanic mythology [edit]

In Germanic mythology the dominicus is personified by Sol. The corresponding Old English name is Siȝel [ˈsijel], continuing Proto-Germanic *Sôwilô or *Saewelô. The Old High german Sun goddess is Sunna. In the Norse traditions, Sól rode through the sky on her chariot every day, pulled by two horses named Arvak and Alsvid. Sól as well was chosen Sunna and Frau Sunne.

Offset century historian Tacitus, in his book Germania, mentioned that "beyond the Suiones [tribe]" a sea was located where the sunday maintained its brilliance from its rising to its dusk, and that "[the] popular belief" was that "the sound of its emergence was audible" and "the form of its horses visible".[104] [105] [106]

Greco-Roman world [edit]

Hellenistic mythology [edit]

In Greek mythology, Helios, a Titan, was the personification of the Dominicus; however, with the notable exception of the isle of Rhodes and nearby parts of southwestern Anatolia,[b] he was a relatively minor deity. The Ancient Greeks likewise associated the Sun with Apollo, the god of enlightenment. Apollo (forth with Helios) was sometimes depicted every bit driving a fiery chariot.[107]

The Greek astronomer Thales of Miletus described the scientific properties of the Dominicus and Moon, making their godship unnecessary.[108] Anaxagoras was arrested in 434 BC and banished from Athens for denying the existence of a solar or lunar deity.[109] The titular character of Sophocles' Electra refers to the Sun equally "All-seeing". Hermetic author Hermes Trismegistus calls the Sunday "God Visible".[110]

The Minotaur has been interpreted as a solar deity (as Moloch or Chronos),[111] including past Arthur Bernard Cook, who considers both Minos and Minotaur as aspects of the sun god of the Cretans, who depicted the sun as a bull.[ commendation needed ]

Roman mythology [edit]

During the Roman Empire, a festival of the nascence of the Unconquered Dominicus (or Dies Natalis Solis Invicti) was celebrated on the wintertime solstice—the "rebirth" of the Sun—which occurred on 25 December of the Julian calendar. In late antiquity, the theological centrality of the Lord's day in some Majestic religious systems suggest a grade of a "solar monotheism." The religious commemorations on 25 Dec were replaced under Christian domination of the Empire with the birthday of Christ.[112]

Modern influence [edit]

Copernicus describing the Dominicus mythologically, cartoon from Greco-Roman examples:

In the center of all sits the Sun on his throne. In this loveliest of temples, could nosotros place the luminary in whatever more advisable place and so that he may light the whole simultaneously. Rightly is he called the Lamp, the Heed, the Ruler of the Universe: Hermes Trismegistus entitles him the God Visible. Sophocles' Electra names him the All-seeing. Thus does the Lord's day sit down equally upon a royal dais ruling his children the planets which circle nigh him.[110]

Indonesian mythology [edit]

Solar gods have a strong presence in Indonesian mythology. In some cases the Lord's day is revered as a "male parent" or "founder" of the tribe. This may apply for the whole tribe or just for the royal and ruling families. This practice is more common in Australia and on the isle of Timor, where the tribal leaders are seen as directly heirs to the sun god.

Some of the initiation rites include the 2d reincarnation of the rite's subject as a "son of the Sun", through a symbolic expiry and a rebirth in the form of a Sun. These rituals hint that the Lord's day may have an important function in the sphere of funerary beliefs. Watching the Lord's day's path has given birth to the idea in some societies that the deity of the Sun descends into the underworld without dying and is capable of returning afterward. This is the reason for the Sun being associated with functions such equally guide of the deceased tribe members to the underworld, also as with revival of perished. The Dominicus is a mediator between the planes of the living and the dead.

Pre-Islamic Arabia [edit]

The concept of the lord's day in Pre-Islamic Arabia, was abolished merely under Muhammad.[113] The Arabian solar deity appears to take been a goddess, Shams/Shamsun, most likely related to the Canaanite Shapash and broader eye-eastern Shamash. She was the patron goddess of Himyar, and possibly exalted by the Sabaeans .[114] [ unreliable source? ] [115] [116]

Slavic mythology [edit]

The solar deity in Slavic mythology is represented by multiple gods, having a different deity for each part of the Solar bike. At the commencement of the solar bike, when the sun is born, information technology is represented by Božić (Whos name litteraly ways "little god"), who is too known as Božić Bata (Božić boy), although this character's function has, in modern times, been equated to Santa Claus amongst the South Slavs. Jarilo is a symbol of the more mature sun of the spring. He is the prime cause of the spring, and his consort Morana (goddess) or Vesna, a symbol of the fertile earth of the leap. The dominicus which is subversive, that of the late summertime and early autumn is symbolized by a number of deities, and its role in Slavic mythology is very complicated. There is a stiff indication that Perun, besides his role every bit the god of the sky and lightning also represented this old lord's day. Saint Elijah, who, in Slavic folklore took on almost of Perun's characteristics is said to wish to fire the earth to ashes during the flow of drought and hot weather observed in the late summertime and early on fall, but is then calmed downwardly past his sister Ognjena Marija. However, in Slavic mythology concerning the battle between Perun and Veles, Veles, in the form of a dragon, steals Perun's heavenly cattle, the clouds, or swallows up all the waters of the globe causing a drought. When he is slain past Perun, the rainy flavor begins. This would hateful that there were two divergent myths, one in which Perun is the destructive sun, and the time of drought is stopped when he is calmed downwards, and one in which Veles is the destructive sun, and he is stopped when Perun kills him. The dying sun of the winter is symbolized by the Badnjak.

Yazidism [edit]

The Yazidis pray facing the sun, as they believe sunlight to be an emanation of God and that the world was created by light.[117]

Americas [edit]

Aztec mythology [edit]

In Aztec mythology, Tonatiuh (Nahuatl languages: Ollin Tonatiuh, "Movement of the Sunday") was the sun god. The Aztec people considered him the leader of Tollan (sky). He was also known as the 5th sun, considering the Aztecs believed that he was the sun that took over when the fourth lord's day was expelled from the sky. According to their cosmology, each sunday was a god with its own cosmic era. Co-ordinate to the Aztecs, they were still in Tonatiuh's era. According to the Aztec creation myth, the god demanded man sacrifice as tribute and without it would refuse to motility through the sky. The Aztecs were fascinated by the Sun and carefully observed it, and had a solar calendar similar to that of the Maya. Many of today's remaining Aztec monuments have structures aligned with the Lord's day.[118]

In the Aztec calendar, Tonatiuh is the lord of the xiii days from one Death to 13 Flint. The preceding thirteen days are ruled over by Chalchiuhtlicue, and the following 13 by Tlaloc.[ citation needed ]

Incan mythology [edit]

Inti is the ancient Incan lord's day god. He is revered as the national patron of the Inca state. Although almost consider Inti the sun god, he is more appropriately viewed as a cluster of solar aspects, since the Inca divided his identity according to the stages of the sunday.[ citation needed ]

New religious movements [edit]

Solar deities are revered in many new religious movements.

Thelema [edit]

Thelema adapts its gods and goddesses from Ancient Egyptian faith, particularly those named in the Stele of Revealing, among whom is the Lord's day god Ra-Hoor-Khuit, a form of Horus. Ra-Hoor-Khuit is i of the principal deities described in Aleister Crowley'due south Liber AL vel Legis.[119]

Theosophy [edit]

The primary local deity in theosophy is the Solar Logos, "the consciousness of the sunday".[120]

Other [edit]

In Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, folklorist Charles Leland alleges that a infidel group of witches in Tuscany, Italian republic viewed Lucifer as the god of the Sun and consort of the goddess Diana, whose girl is the messiah Aradia.[121]

Run into also [edit]

  • Abram Smythe Palmer
  • Ame-no-Uzume
  • Astrotheology
  • Beaivi
  • Canticle of the Lord's day
  • Eki (goddess)
  • Five Suns
  • List of solar deities
  • Nature worship
  • Phoenix
  • Solar symbol
  • White horses in mythology
  • Zunbils

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ Колесом сонечко на гору йде ("The Sun goes upward, as a wheel") and Горою сонечко колує ("Higher up (us) the Lord's day is wheeling/rotating").[18]
  2. ^ see Colossus of Rhodes.

References [edit]

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  2. ^ Ancient Civilizations- Egypt- Land and lives of Pharaohs revealed. Global Book Publishing. 30 October 2005. p. 79. ISBN1740480562.
  3. ^ "Ancient Egyptian Gods & Goddesses Facts For Kids". History for kids . Retrieved 20 Jan 2021.
  4. ^ Minster, Christopher (thirty May 2019). "All Near the Inca Lord's day God". ThoughtCo. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ Sick, David (2004). "Mit(h)ra(southward) and the Myths of the Sunday". Numen. 51 (4): 432–467. doi:ten.1163/1568527042500140.
  6. ^ William Ridgeway (1915). "Solar Myths, Tree Spirits, and Totems, The Dramas and Dramatic Dances of Non-European Races". Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–19. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  7. ^ Carrol, Michael P. (1985). "Some tertiary thoughts on Max Müller and solar mythology". European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie / Europäisches Archiv für Soziologie. 26 (2): 263–281. JSTOR 23997047. Retrieved two October 2021.
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Bibliography [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • The Worship of the Sun Amongst the Aryan Peoples of Antiquity by Sir James G. Frazer (from archive.org)
  • The Lord's day God Ra and Aboriginal Arab republic of egypt
  • The Sun God and the Current of air Deity at Kizil by Tianshu Zhu, in Transoxiana Eran ud Aneran, Webfestschrift Marshak 2003.
  • Comparison betwixt the Egyptian Hymn of Aten and modernistic scientific conceptions

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity

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